This present study aimed to examine the effects of long-term resistance exercise REG and aerobic exercise AEG on the adiponectin, insulin resistance, lipid profile and body composition in adolescent boys with obesity. Sixteen obese adolescent boys age: The serum lipid profile, adiponectin, glucose, insulin resistance HOMA-IR levels and body composition of the participants were evaluated at the beginning and end of the study. A Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test and Mann-Whitney U test were used for analyses, and the criterion for statistical significance was set at p HOMA-IR, insulin, glucose and serum lipid levels decreased in both groups p These results indicated that both types of exercises had positive effects on insulin resistance, per cent body fat, weight and fat-free body mass. Long-term 6 Does Sex Decrease Athletic Performance aerobic and REG had different positive effects on adiponectin and the lipid profile. The prevalence of being overweight and obesity in children, adolescents and adults have risen substantially worldwide 1. The European Union Action Plan on Childhood Obesity emphasises physical activity as well as a regulated diet in children to halt this increase in the number of overweight and obese adolescents by 2. Adipokines secreted from adipose tissue may play a key role in the pathogenesis of obesity, insulin resistance and atherosclerosis by increasing subclinical inflammation 3. Adiponectin is one of the main adipokines secreted from adipose tissue. Adiponectin facilitates the clearing of glucose, triglycerides and free fatty acids from plasma; it decreases gluconeogenesis and increases insulin sensitivity 4. Individuals with obesity have lower adiponectin but higher leptin levels than individuals without obesity 5. Leptin is a hormone released by adipose tissue that aids in the regulation of body weight and energy homeostasis. Increased fat mass causes an elevation in leptin levels, which signal satiety and a mild increase in the basal energy expenditure. However, exercise can also cause changes in leptin concentration without an accompanying change in body composition. Different forms of exercise training could favourably modify weight-related complications, cardiovascular risk factors and the inflammation 6. Recently, resistance exercise has been recommended for children with obesity. While aerobic exercise is primarily an aerobic energy-producing process, resistance exercise is a type of exercise that increases primarily the force generation capacity of muscles 7. No consensus exists about the probable role of exercise in children on reductions in body fat and its effect on adipokines e. Only a few studies have investigated the effects of resistance exercise on adipokines, lipids and insulin resistance in adolescents 9, Information about health-related factors and early intervention effects among adolescents with obesity are important aspects in establishing targeted strategies and promoting lifestyle changes for preventing diseases. A better understanding of the metabolic responses to different types of exercise may help tailor interventions to maximise the likelihood of achieving health Does Sex Decrease Athletic Performance among adolescents with obesity. Within this context, the main purpose of this study was to compare the effects of structured six-month resistance versus aerobic-exercise programmes on the serum lipid profile, adiponectin and insulin resistance. For the recruitment of voluntary participants, we contacted state high schools Does Sex Decrease Athletic Performance the selected fitness centre in the Sisli district of Istanbul. From this group, adolescents with obesity were selected according to Cole et al. Twenty-three students and their parents decided to participate in the 6-month study and provided informed consent. Seven of the participants dropped out of the study because of various reasons non-compliance with the exercise schedule, Ramadan fasting period discontinuationand the study was completed with 16 participants. The study was performed, followed by the ethical guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. Before data collection, all participants provided written informed consent. Since all participants were younger than 18 years old, parents also gave written permission for participation. The participants did not have any sports experience before the study. An experienced physician reviewed their complete medical history, performed a physical examination and assessed pubertal development according to the Tanner criteria. The Tanner stage was determined on a paper chart by the bariatric paediatrician during the physical examination of the participants The Tanner scale defines stages based on the development of pubic hair and testicular volume in males. All participants were in Tanner stage IV-V. The investigation was performed as a parallel-group design and lasted for six months.
Water-soluble vitamins like vitamin C are stored in the body to only an extremely limited extent, and are easily removed from it because of their solubility, meaning that excessive consumption is rarely dangerous. The main exercise sections were structured separately for the two groups. Information about health-related factors and early intervention effects among adolescents with obesity are important aspects in establishing targeted strategies and promoting lifestyle changes for preventing diseases. The inclusion criteria for the study included: being a soccer referee within one of the previously described categories; being 18 or older; and being free of injury at the time of the study. Article PubMed Google Scholar. They were instructed to avoid drinking or eating for at least 12 hours before the anthropometric measurements, and blood samples were taken.
Introduction
While some studies reported that males had higher scores than males (Celik, et al., ; Karademir & Acak, ; Khan, et al., ; Solomon. These results indicated that both types of exercises had positive effects on insulin resistance, per cent body fat, weight and fat-free body mass. Studies that have investigated the relationship between sleep quality and athletic performance in adolescents have reported different findings. Low-volume, high-intensity interval training (HIT) increases skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacity, yet little is known regarding potential mechanisms.In respect of vitamins and exercise, there appear to be no studies supporting vitamin supplementation for any kind for sports. Ethics committee approval was obtained for the study Dated Each exercise session was divided into warm-up 10 minutes , main exercise 45 minutes and cool-down 5 minutes sections. The duration of the study was six months. It is thus evident that the intake of this type of nutrient did not conform to the recommendations. The data for them are shown as milligrams Table 3. Through the use of a 3-day food diary and hour recall, this study analyzed the intake and distribution of macro- and micro-nutrients and of dietary fiber consumed on different types of day normal, training, and match days. Scientific study of the relationship between eating habits and health began in the eighteenth century, when long sea journeys led sailors to have poor and monotonous diets that caused deficiency diseases [ 1 ]. This study found that the group of referees investigated consumed a diet that did not have sufficient calories from carbohydrates, in view of their occupation. Haemophilia ; e Am J Lifestyle Med ; 1: Received : 05 September Int J Sport Med. The subjects compiled a food diary, using forms provided for that purpose. In the study of Yilmaz et al. This was true both of overall amounts However, as can be seen in Table 2 and Figure 1 , the type of day did have a small effect on carbohydrate intake, with a slight increase on match days. A week aerobic-exercise programme and an 8-week combined aerobic and resistance-exercise programme without weight loss resulted in decreased insulin resistance in sedentary children and adolescents with obesity 21, A Microsoft Office Excel spreadsheet was used to record and handle data and to produce graphs. The minerals analyzed were Ca, Mg, and Fe. More specifically, the aim was to compare the nutritional profiles of the referees studied with the values from two different sets of recommendations aimed at sedentary individuals and high-level athletes , and also to assess the nutritional intake and eating patterns of referees according to the type of day normal day, training day, or match day. However, Aydin et al. Methods: Sixteen obese adolescent boys age: Biol Sport ; State of the art reviews: Resistance exercise for children and adolescents are there health outcomes? The effect of mood on sexual functions in patients with FM is controversial in the literature. The patient was instructed to indicate on the scale, which ranged from 0 no pain to 10, the value that best represented his level of discomfort. Our findings are in agreement with previous reports that studied the effects of resistance exercise on the lipid profile in adolescents with obesity and reported no significant changes in concentrations of total cholesterol, triglyceride and HDL and LDL cholesterol levels Published : 07 February Reilly T, Williams AM. The prevalence of being overweight and obesity in children, adolescents and adults have risen substantially worldwide 1. Dorling J, Earnest C.
